The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator
The electronic voltage regulator (EVR) has evolved with the advancements in power semiconductors over the past 20 years. Unlike the mechanical voltage regulator, the electronic voltage regulator is only used in power quality applications since it is designed for low voltage (< 600V) and its higher performance is not necessarily an advantage in line drop compensation applications.
As electronics become more prevalent in industrial and commercial applications, the speed and performance advantages of the electronic voltage regulator make it a better fit than the mechanical voltage regulator.
Contents of this section:
7 The Electronic (Type) Voltage RegulatorAs electronics become more prevalent in industrial and commercial applications, the speed and performance advantages of the electronic voltage regulator make it a better fit than the mechanical voltage regulator.
Contents of this section:
7.1 Electronic Tap Switching Voltage Regulator Operation 7.2 Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulator Operation 7.3 Electronic Voltage Regulator Characteristics 7.4 Electronic Voltage Regulator Advantages & Disadvantages
7.1 Electronic Tap Switching Voltage Regulator
The typical electronic tap switching voltage regulator works very much like the mechanical tap switching regulator – except that it replaces mechanical servo drives and brushes with solid-state semiconductor switches. Rather than using a motor to move brushes connected to the regulator output, the electronic voltage regulator will have taps on the secondary side of the transformer controlled (on or off) by semiconductor switches (like the silicon controlled rectifier – “SCR”).
Within the classification of electronic tap switching voltage regulator there are two distinct types: the full power semiconductor type, and the series transformer type.
The full power semiconductor (FPS) type of electronic tap switching voltage regulator is most analogous to the servo tap switcher and is the most common type of electronic voltage regulator. In operation, all of the SCR switches, except one, will be “off” so current flows only through the desired tap. When the controller senses the need for a tap change, it turns “off” the SCR switch on one tap and then turns “on” the SCR for the appropriate tap. With no mechanical components to be moved and ultrafast and non-sequential SCR tap switching, the electronic tap voltage regulator can correct voltage levels much faster than its mechanical counterpart. The speed and simplicity of the electronic tap switching voltage regulator does come at a price: in contrast with mechanical voltage regulators, the SCRs are easily damaged by high currents such as inrush, overload or short circuit currents.
The series transformer (ST) type of electronic tap switching voltage regulator uses SCRs connected to taps in a fashion similar to the FPS design, however the ST design uses additional transformer components to isolate the SCRs from the load current path. This isolation provides the ST type of electronic tap switching voltage regulator with the speed and simplicity of the FPS type EVR and the high tolerance to excessive currents of the mechanical voltage regulator.7.2 Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulator Operation
The double conversion electronic voltage regulator differs significantly in operation from the tap switching type EVR. The double conversion EVR uses a rectifier to convert AC power to DC and then uses an inverter to convert the DC power back to AC. Voltage regulation is obtained in one of two ways: 1) by regulating the DC voltage output from the rectifier, or 2) by supplying the inverter with a constant DC voltage and adjusting the voltage level during the conversion back to AC in the inverter. Method 1) can result in the lowest cost of components, and method 2) is most commonly used by uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). A UPS without batteries can be used as a voltage regulator, however it often provides less voltage regulating capability and higher cost than a true double conversion or tap switching electronic voltage regulator.Like the full power semiconductor EVR, double conversion electronic voltage regulators have a very low tolerance to high load currents above the normal rating of the unit. Double conversion EVRs and UPS units are typically sized for the peak current load to avoid premature failure of the power semiconductors. These units may also require optional input and/or output transformers to get the desired input and output voltages and/or an isolated output.7.3 Electronic Voltage Regulator Characteristics
Electronic voltage regulators are typically designed for indoor, low voltage applications and are air-cooled (i.e. using dry-type transformers instead of oil-filled). Other characteristics of tap switching and double conversion EVRs differ substantially so they are listed separately below:
Efficiency for a tap switching EVR is usually fairly flat across the load range from 10 to 100% of rated load. However, the efficiency for a double conversion EVR tends to drop quickly as the load drops below 100%. Other factors like ambient temperature, power factor, load type etc. can also negatively impact double conversion EVR efficiency.
Tap Switching Electronic Voltage Regulators
Size (kVA):
|
3 VA up to 2,000 kVA
|
Nominal Voltages:
|
Common AC voltages - 120, 208, 240 & 480 at 60 Hz
|
Input Voltage Range:
|
+10% to -25% (varies by manufacturer)
|
Output Regulation:
|
+/-2% to +/-5% (varies by manufacturer)
|
Phase:
|
Single and three phase
|
Voltage Step Up/Down:
|
Yes
|
Cooling Media:
|
Air
|
Location:
|
Indoor
|
Efficiency:
|
Usually > 95% (see comment below)
|
Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulators
Size (kVA):
|
3 VA up to400 kVA
|
Nominal Voltages:
|
Common AC voltages - 120, 208, 240 & 480 at 60 Hz
|
Input Voltage Range:
|
+10% to -25% for tap switchers and+10% to -15% for UPS (varies by manufacturer)
|
Output Regulation:
|
+/-1% to +/-5% (varies by manufacturer)
|
Phase:
|
Single and three phase
|
Voltage Step Up/Down:
|
Yes
|
Cooling Media:
|
Air
|
Location:
|
Indoor
|
Efficiency:
|
Up to 95% (see comment below)
|
Efficiency for a tap switching EVR is usually fairly flat across the load range from 10 to 100% of rated load. However, the efficiency for a double conversion EVR tends to drop quickly as the load drops below 100%. Other factors like ambient temperature, power factor, load type etc. can also negatively impact double conversion EVR efficiency.7.4 Electronic Voltage Regulator Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
The EVR is the modern standard for voltage regulation in most power quality applications. While an EVR will be about 25% higher in cost than a comparable mechanical voltage regulator, the difference in correction speed often precludes the use of mechanical units.
The EVR is the modern standard for voltage regulation in most power quality applications. While an EVR will be about 25% higher in cost than a comparable mechanical voltage regulator, the difference in correction speed often precludes the use of mechanical units.
- Output voltage regulation is good (tap switching) to very good (double conversion)
- Ultrafast voltage correction speed
- No restrictions on the number of correction cycles
- Versatility of kVA rating, voltage and configuration
- Very low or no regular maintenance
- Good line isolation
The ST type of EVR has a current overload capacity and durability that can surpass that of brush-type mechanical regulators since brushes can be damaged quickly when regularly subjected to high currents. By eliminating the inherent overload weakness of the FPS and double conversion units, the series transformer electronic voltage regulator is good in any application but is the best choice for industrial, heavy commercial and medical imaging applications.
Disadvantages
- Poor current overload capacity (except the series transformer design)
- More expensive than mechanical voltage regulators
As discussed above, the principle drawback of electronic voltage regulators is the limitation imposed by the SCRs or other power semiconductors. FPS voltage regulators as well as double conversion and UPS units can fail in a matter of hours or days when put in an application with high inrush or overload currents - without exercising due precautions such as sizing for the peak currents.
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