Electrical conduit

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Electrical conduit risers, looking up inside a fire-resistance rated shaft, as seen entering bottom of a firestop. The firestop is made of firestop mortar on top,rockwool on the bottom. Raceways are used to protect cables from damage.

Conduit embedded into concrete structure for distribution of cablesthroughout this highrise apartment building in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.

Electrical conduit and bus duct in a building at Texaco Nanticoke refinery inNanticoke, Ontario, 1980s.

An electrical conduit is a tubing system used for protection and routing of electrical wiring. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Flexible conduit is available for special purposes.

Conduit is generally installed by electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. Its use, form, and installation details are often specified by wiring regulations, such as the USNational Electrical Code (NEC) or other national or local code. The term "conduit" is commonly used by electricians to describe any system that contains electrical conductors, but the term has a more restrictive technical definition when used in official wiring regulations.

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History[edit]

This section requires expansion. (July 2013)

Some early electric lighting installations made use of existing gas pipe serving gas light fixtures which had been converted to electric lamps. Since this technique provided very good mechanical protection for interior wiring, it was extended to all types of interior wiring and by the early 20th century purpose-built couplings and fittings were manufactured for electrical use.

However, most electrical codes now prohibit the routing of electrical conductors through gas piping, due to concerns about damage to electrical insulation from the rough interiors of pipes and fittings commonly used for gas.

Comparison with other wiring methods[edit]

Electrical conduit provides very good protection to enclosed conductors from impact, moisture, and chemical vapors. Varying numbers, sizes, and types of conductors can be pulled into a conduit, which simplifies design and construction compared to multiple runs of cables or the expense of customized composite cable. Wiring systems in buildings may be subject to frequent alterations. Frequent wiring changes are made simpler and safer through the use of electrical conduit, as existing conductors can be withdrawn and new conductors installed, with little disruption along the path of the conduit.

A conduit system can be made waterproof or submersible. Metal conduit can be used to shield sensitive circuits from electromagnetic interference, and also can prevent emission of such interference from enclosed power cables.

When installed with proper sealing fittings, a conduit will not permit the flow of flammable gases and vapors, which provides protection from fire and explosion hazard in areas handling volatile substances.

Some types of conduit are approved for direct encasement in concrete. This is commonly used in commercial buildings to allow electrical and communication outlets to be installed in the middle of large open areas. For example, retail display cases and open-office areas use floor-mounted conduit boxes to connect power and communications cables.

Both metal and plastic conduit can be bent at the job site to allow a neat installation without excessive numbers of manufactured fittings. This is particularly advantageous when following irregular or curved building profiles. Special equipment is used to bend the conduit without kinking or denting it.

The cost of conduit installation is higher than other wiring methods due to the cost of materials and labor. In applications such as residential construction, the high degree of physical damage protection is not required, so the expense of conduit is not warranted. Conductors installed within conduit cannot dissipate heat as readily as those installed in open wiring, so the current capacity of each conductor must be reduced if many are installed in one conduit. It is impractical, and prohibited by wiring regulations, to have more than 360 degrees of total bends in a run of conduit, so special outlet fittings must be provided to allow conductors to be installed without damage in such runs.

Some types of metal conduit may also serve as a useful bonding conductor for grounding (earthing), but wiring regulations may also dictate workmanship standards or supplemental means of grounding for certain types. While metal conduit can be used as a grounding conductor, the circuit length is limited. For example, a long run of conduit as grounding conductor may not allow proper operation of overcurrent devices on a fault.

Types of conduit[edit]

Conduit systems are classified by the wall thickness, mechanical stiffness, and material used to make the tubing. Materials may be chosen for mechanical protection, corrosion resistance, and overall cost of the installation (labor plus material cost). Wiring regulations for electrical equipment in hazardous areas may require particular types of conduit to be used to provide an approved installation.

Metal conduits[edit]

Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC) is a thick-walled threaded tubing, usually made of coated steel, stainless steel or aluminum.

Galvanized rigid conduit (GRC) is galvanized steel tubing, with a tubing wall that is thick enough to allow it to be threaded. Its common applications are in commercial and industrial construction.^[1]

Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) is a steel tubing heavier than EMT but lighter than RMC. It may be threaded.

Electrical metallic tubing (EMT), sometimes called thin-wall, is commonly used instead of galvanized rigid conduit (GRC), as it is less costly and lighter than GRC. EMT itself is not threaded, but can be used with threaded fittings that clamp to it. Lengths of conduit are connected to each other and to equipment with clamp-type fittings. Like GRC, EMT is more common in commercial and industrial buildings than in residential applications. EMT is generally made of coated steel, though it may be aluminum.

Aluminum conduit, similar to galvanized steel conduit, is a rigid tube, generally used in commercial and industrial applications where a higher resistance to corrosion is needed. Such locations would include food processing plants, where large amounts of water and cleaning chemicals would make galvanized conduit unsuitable. Aluminum cannot be directly embedded in concrete, since the metal reacts with the alkalis incement. The conduit may be coated to prevent corrosion by incidental contact with concrete. The extra cost of aluminum is somewhat offset by the lower labor cost to install, since a length of aluminum conduit will have about one-third the weight of an equally-sized rigid steel conduit.^[2]

In extreme corrosion environments where plastic coating of the tubing is insufficient, conduits may be made from stainless steel, bronze, orbrass.^{[citation needed]}

Non-metal conduits[edit]

Plastic tubing for use as electrical conduit.

PVC conduit is the lightest in weight compared to other conduit materials, and usually lower in cost than other forms of conduit. In North American electrical practice, it is available in three different wall thicknesses, with the thin-wall variety only suitable for embedded use in concrete, and heavier grades suitable for direct burial and exposed work. Most of the various fittings made for metal conduit are also available in PVC form. The plastic material resists moisture and many corrosive substances, but since the tubing is non-conductive an extra bonding (grounding) conductor must be pulled into each conduit. PVC conduit may be heated and bent in the field, by using special heating tools designed for the purpose.

Joints to fittings are made with slip-on solvent-welded connections, which set up rapidly after assembly and attain full strength in about one day. Since slip-fit sections do not need to be rotated during assembly, the special union fittings used with threaded conduit (such as Ericson) are not required. Since PVC conduit has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than other types, it must be mounted to allow for expansion and contraction of each run. Care should be taken when installing PVC underground in multiple or parallel run configurations due to mutual heating effect of densely packed cables, because the conduit will deform when heated.

Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit (RNC) is a non-metallic unthreaded smooth-walled tubing.

Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT) is a thin-walled corrugated tubing that is moisture-resistant and flame retardant. It is pliable such that it can be bent by hand, and is often flexible although the fittings are not. It is not threaded due to its corrugated shape, although some fittings might be.

Flexible conduits[edit]

Flexible metallic conduit used in an underground parking facility.

Flexible conduits are used to connect to motors or other devices where isolation from vibration is useful, or where an excess number of fittings would be needed to use rigid connections. Electrical codes may restrict the length of a run of some types of flexible conduit.

Flexible Metallic Conduit (FMC, often informally called greenfield or flex) is made by the helicalcoiling of a self-interlocked ribbed strip of aluminum or steel, forming a hollow tube through which wires can be pulled. FMC is used primarily in dry areas where it would be impractical to install EMT or other non-flexible conduit, yet where metallic strength to protect conductors is still required. The flexible tubing does not maintain any permanent bend, and can flex freely.

FMC may be used as an equipment grounding conductor if specific provisions are met regarding the trade size and length of FMC used, depending on the amperage of the circuits contained in the conduit. In general, an equipment grounding conductor must be pulled through the FMC with an ampacity suitable to carry the fault current likely imposed on the largest circuit contained within the FMC.

Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC) is a metallic flexible conduit covered by a waterproof plastic coating. The interior is similar to FMC.

Flexible Metallic Tubing (FMT) is not the same as Flexible Metallic Conduit (FMC) which is described in National Electrical Code (NEC) Article 348. FMT is a raceway, but not a conduit and is described in a separate NEC Article 360. It only comes in 1/2" & 3/4" trade sizes, whereas FMC is sized 1/2" ~ 4" trade sizes. NEC 360.2 describes it as: "A raceway that is circular in cross section, flexible, metallic and liquidtight without a nonmetallic jacket."

Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit (LFNC) refers to several types of flame-resistant non-metallic tubing. Interior surfaces may be smooth or corrugated. There may be integral reinforcement within the conduit wall. It is also known as FNMC.

Underground conduit[edit]

Conduit may be installed underground between buildings, structures, or devices to allow installation of power and communication cables. An assembly of these conduits, often called a duct bank, may either be directly buried in earth, or encased in concrete (sometimes with reinforcingrebar to aid against shear forces). Alternatively, a duct bank may be installed in a utility tunnel. A duct bank will allow replacement of damaged cables between buildings or additional power and communications circuits to be added, without the expense of re-excavation of a trench. While metal conduit is occasionally used for burial, usually PVC, polyethylene or polystyrene plastics are now used due to lower cost, easier installation, and better resistance to corrosion.

Formerly, compressed asbestos fiber mixed with cement (such as Transite) was used for some underground installations. Telephone and communications circuits were typically installed in fired-clay conduit.

Cost comparison of some types of conduit[edit]

Cost relative to Rigid Galvanized Steel (RGS) conduit, 3/4 inch (21 metric) size
Type	Labor	Weight	Material cost
RMT	1.0	1.0	1.0
Aluminum	0.89	0.34	0.99
IMC	0.89	0.76	0.84
EMT	0.62	0.42	0.35
PVC	0.55	0.20	0.43

Exact ratios of installation labor, weight and material cost vary depending on the size of conduit, but the values for 3/4 inch (21 metric) trade size are representative. ^[3]

Fittings[edit]

Despite the similarity to pipes used in plumbing, purpose-designed electrical fittings are used to connect conduit.

Box connectors join conduit to a junction box or other electrical box. A typical box connector is inserted into a knockout in a junction box, with the threaded end then being secured with a ring (called a lock nut) from within the box, as a bolt would be secured by a nut. The other end of the fitting usually has a screw or compression ring which is tightened down onto the inserted conduit. Fittings for non-threaded conduits are either secured with set screws or with a compression nut that encircles the conduit. Fittings for general purpose use with metal conduits may be made of die-cast zinc, but where stronger fittings are needed, they are made of copper-free aluminum or cast iron.

Couplings connect two pieces of conduit together.

Sometimes the fittings are considered sufficiently conductive to bond (electrically unite) the metal conduit to a metal junction box (thus sharing the box's ground connection); other times, grounding bushings are used which have bonding jumpers from the bushing to a grounding screw on the box.^[4]

Unlike water piping, if it the conduit is to be watertight, the idea is to keep water out, not in. In this case, gaskets are used with special fittings, such as the weatherhead leading from the overhead electrical mains to the electric meter.

Flexible metal conduit usually uses fittings with a clamp on the outside of the box, just like bare cables would.

Conduit bodies[edit]

A conduit body can be used to provide pulling access in a run of conduit, to allow more bends to be made in a particular section of conduit, to conserve space where a full size bend radius would be impractical or impossible, or to split a conduit path into multiple directions. Conductors may not be spliced inside a conduit body, unless it is specifically listed for such use.

Conduit bodies differ from junction boxes in that they are not required to be individually supported, this makes them very useful in practical applications. Conduit bodies are commonly referred to as condulets, a term trademarked by Cooper Crouse-Hinds company, a division ofCooper Industries.

Conduit bodies come in various types, moisture ratings, and materials, including galvanized steel, aluminum, and PVC. Depending on the material, they use different mechanical methods for securing conduit. Among the types are:

L-shaped bodies ("Ells") include the LB, LL, and LR, where the inlet is in line with the access cover and the outlet is on the back, left and right, respectively. In addition to providing access to wires for pulling, "L" fittings allow a 90 degree turn in conduit where there is insufficient space for a full-radius 90 degree sweep (curved conduit section).

T-shaped bodies ("Tees") feature an inlet in line with the access cover and outlets to both the cover's left and right.

C-shaped bodies ("Cees") have identical openings above and below the access cover, and are used to pull conductors in a straight runs as they make no turn between inlet and outlet.

"Service Ell" bodies (SLBs), shorter ells with inlets flush with the access cover, are frequently used where a circuit passes through an exterior wall from outside to inside.

Other wireways[edit]

Surface Mounted Raceway (wire molding)[edit]

This type of "decorative" conduit is designed to provide an aesthetically acceptable passageway for wiring without hiding it inside or behind a wall. This is used where additional wiring is required, but where going through a wall would be difficult or require remodeling. The conduit has an open face with removable cover, secured to the surface, and wire is placed inside. Plastic raceway is often used for telecommunicationwiring, such as network cables in an older structure, where it is not practical to drill through concrete block.

Advantages

Allows adding new wiring to an existing building without removing or cutting holes into the drywall, lath and plaster, concrete, or other wall finish.
Allows circuits to be easily locatable and accessible for future changes, thus enabling minimum effort upgrades.

Disadvantages

Appearance may not be acceptable to all observers.

Trunking[edit]

The term trunking is used in the United Kingdom for electrical wireways, generally rectangular in cross section with removable lids.

Mini Trunking is a term used in the UK for small form-factor (usually 6mm to 25mm square or rectangle sectioned) PVC wireways. ^[5]

In North American practice "wire trough" or "lay-in wire ways" are terms used to designate similar products, but these are never used enclosed in masonry or a wall.

Passive fire protection[edit]

Conduit is of relevance to both firestopping, where they become penetrants, and fireproofing, where circuit integrity measures can be applied on the outside to keep the internal cables operational during an accidental fire. The British standard BS476 also considers internal fires, whereby the fireproofing must protect the surroundings from cable fires. Any external treatments must consider the effect upon ampacity derating due to internal heat buildup.

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WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR EARS SO YOU CAN CLEARLY HEAR

OTHERS HAVE ONLY ONE...OTHERS ARE TOTALLY DEAF...

WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR HANDS SO YOU CAN HOLD THINGS WELL

OTHERS HAVE ONLY ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE...

WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR FEET SO YOU CAN WALK EASILY

OTHERS HAVE ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE..

WHEN YOU STILL HAVE YOUR PARENTS...

OTHERS HAVE ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE...

WHEN YOU HAVE CHILDREN...

OTHERS HAVE ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE...

WHEN YOU HAVE A FAMILY...

SOME HAVE NONE...OTHERS TOTALLY ORPHANED

WHEN YOU ARE LIVING IN THE PHILIPPINES...A DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY..

THE WEATHER NOT THAT EXTREMELY HOT NOR COLD..

WERE PLANTS AND TREES GROW EASILY

SURROUNDED BY SEAS FULL OF FISHES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

WHEN YOU ARE OLD AND STILL LIVING WITH YOUR CHILDREN

IN SOME COUNTRIES OLD PARENTS AND PEOPLE

ARE LEFT IN THE "HOME OF THE AGED NURSING FOUNDATION"

WHEN YOU STILL HAVE YOUR JOB...WORKING IN AN AIR-CONDITIONED

ROOM..JUST CONSIDER THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS DOING THEIR

HARD LABOR JOBS UNDER THE HEAT OF THE SUN...IGNORING THE

DANGEROUS ELEMENTS CONFRONTING THEM....

COUNT YOUR BLESSINGS...COUNT THEM ONE BY ONE...

DON'T THINK OF SAYING ANY UNKIND WORD...

THINK OF PEOPLE WHO CAN'T SPEAK,

DON'T COMPLAIN ABOUT THE FOOD YOU EAT,

SOME HAVE NOTHING.

DON'T COMPLAIN ABOUT LIFE,

PAINT A SMILE ON YOUR FACE

AND THANK GOD YOU'RE ALIVE AND STILL AROUND

LIFE IS A GIFT......

LIVE IT WELL......

SAFETY 1ST

REPEAT BUSINESS 2ND

PRAY ALWAYS IT WORKS!!!

ATTENTION: FOREIGN ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS AND ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTORS

OUR COMPANY WELCOMES ELECTRICAL FOREIGN SUPPLIER/MANUFACTURER/S

WHO WOULD LIKE TO OFFER THEIR PRODUCT LINE

HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES BUT ON A CONSIGNMENT BASIS ONLY,

MEANING PAYMENT WILL BE FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD...EXAMPLE SIX(6) MONTHS TO ONE(1) YEAR,

ALL THOSE ITEMS THAT WILL NOT BE SOLD OR SLOW MOVING ITEMS WILL BE REPLACED

AND WE WILL JUST PAY FOR THOSE SOLD ITEMS

YOUR COMPANY WILL BE SHOULDERING THE FORWARDING/FREIGHT COST

OR SHIPMENT COST...

WE WILL BE IN CHARGE OF STOCKAGE,MARKETING,SALES AND AFTER SALES CONCERNS..

CONTACT,EMAIL OR CALL US IF YOUR COMPANY IS INTERESTED WITH OUR OFFER...

BY THE WAY PAYMENT WILL BE BANK TO BANK...

YOUR BANK WILL BE COORDINATING WITH OUR LOCAL BANK HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES....

CALL/EMAIL US IF YOUR COMPANY IS INTERESTED ON OUR OFFER....

ATTENTION: CEO LARRY PAGE...CEO SERGEY BRIN...AND TO THE MANAGEMENT AND STAFF OF GOOGLE

FROM THE BOTTOM OUR HEART...THANK YOU FOR THE SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION

THAT OUR COMPANY IS GETTING...

MAY THE GOOD LORD BLESS YOU AND YOUR COMPANY INCLUDING THE MANAGEMENT AND STAFF...

GOOD HEALTH...LONG LIFE...AND A MORE FRUITFUL YEARS AHEAD NOT TO MENTION

INCREASING AND GROWING BOTTOM LINE FOR THE COMPANY....

FOR THE THE BEST AND NUMBER ONE SEARCH ENGINE COMPANY IN THE WORLD

KUDOS AND SALUTE TO YOUR COMPANY SIR AND MADAM....

TO INFINITY AND BEYOND....TO INFINITY AND BEYOND.....

"YOUR FRIENDLY PHILIPPINE FOREIGNERS AND PHILIPPINE PROVINCES ONLINE ELECTRICAL SUPPLIER"

Thursday, October 17, 2013