High resistance grounding equipment in mining applications
High resistance grounding equipment or permanently installed electrical distribution systems used in mines should be selected and applied as recommended for process industries.
When mobile equipment is connected to the distribution system thegrounding equipment and the ground fault protection should be designed to comply with CSAStd. M421-00 Use of Electricity in Mines, which requires that:
Mobile equipment operating at more than 300 volts shall have ground fault protection and ground conductor monitoring. The neutral be grounded through a neutral grounding device in such a manner as to limit the possible rise of ground fault potential to a maximum of 100 volts.
Although the code requires instantaneous fault clearing in coal mines (Paragraph 6.11.2), time delayed tripping is generally acceptable in other mining operations. Local mining codes should be checked for time delay requirements.
The Grounding Resistor usually has a continuous current rating of 5 amps, 10 amps, 15 amps, 25 amps or 50 amps depending on the particular system for which the resistor is designed.
The impedance of the ground wire shall not exceed the values to limit the voltage drop external to the Grounding Resistor to maximum 100 volts.
Maximum ground impedance for mining
| Resistor rating (amps) | Max. ground wire impedance (ohms) | Product I X R (V) |
| 5 | 20 | 100 |
| 10 | 10 | 100 |
| 15 | 6.5 | 100 |
| 25 | 4 | 100 |
| 50 | 2 | 100 |
Current and voltage sensing ground fault protection
Figure 1a - Current sensing ground fault protection
Figure 1b - Voltage sensing ground fault protection
The permitted ground wire impedance is the sum of the impedance of the grounding conductor of all trailing cables. The resistance value of the grounding device is nor-mally designed to operate a selected ground relay at the highest sensitivity level to provide maximum protection.
It is recommended that the pick-up of the Ground Fault Relay shall be 5 amps or less when used with a current relay, or 80% when a volt-age relay is used. Typical protection systems are shown in Figure 1a (current relay) and Figure 1b (voltage relay).
NOTE – The one advantage of using a potential transformer in place of the current transformer for the ground fault protection is that the potential transformer monitors the continuity of the neutral grounding resistor, such that an open circuit in the resis-tor would cause early operation of the voltage relay (VR).
Redundancy is often obtained by the use of both current sensing and voltage sensing.
The trailing cables must conform with Paragraph 4.1.2 of the CSA Std. C22.5-1977.
For medium voltage applications and when increased insulation levels are required on low voltage systems, the types SHD and SHD-GC cables should be used. Both types are available with cross-linked polyethylene or ethylene-propylene (EPR) insulation with natural rubber, polyethylene, polychloroprene or polyurethane jacket for 5 KV, 8 KV and 15 KV insulation level. The type SHD cables are made with three unin-sulated ground wires, one in each interstice.
The type SHD-GC cables are made with one insulated AWG. No. 8 ground check and two uninsulated ground wires, one in each interstice.
When individual power conductor shielding is not required, type G (SGO) portable cables can be used for low voltage applications. The type G cables are made with 3 uninsulated ground wires, one in each interstice.
In each type and size of trailing cable assembly, the size of ground wiresconforms with IPCEA recommendations.
Cables operating on circuits over 750 volts or, in coal mines, over 125 volts must have a grounded shielding consisting of tinned copper wire mesh, or the equivalent; and this shielding shall be, throughout the length of the cable, in contact with the interstitial grounding conductor. (Paragraph 4.1.2.10 of CSA Std. C22.5-1977).
Resource: Ground Fault Protection on Ungrounded and High Resistance Grounded Systems – iGard
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