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Saturday, September 14, 2013

Steps to Ensure Effective Substation Grounding (2)...for your philippine electrical concerns...needs...installation...orders...safeelectrical2013@gmail.com

Steps to Ensure Effective Substation Grounding
Steps to Ensure Effective Substation Grounding (photo by Peak Power Engineering, Inc.)

Continued from previous article: Steps to Ensure Effective Substation Grounding (1)

Ensuring Proper Grounding

In previous technical article (part 1) was explained first five steps that will ensure a reliable,safe and trouble-free substation grounding system. Here we will explain the last six steps:
  1. Size conductors for anticipated faults (previous part 1)
  2. Use the right connections (previous part 1)
  3. Ground rod selection (previous part 1)
  4. Soil preparation (previous part 1)
  5. Attention to step and touch potentials (previous part 1)
  6. Grounding using building foundations
  7. Grounding the substation fence
  8. Special attention to operating points
  9. Surge arrestors must be grounded properly
  10. Grounding of cable trays
  11. Temporary grounding of normally energized parts

6. Grounding Using Building Foundations

The concrete operation to Building control foundation
The concrete operation to Building control foundation
Concrete foundations below ground level provide an excellent means of obtaining a low-resistance ground electrode system. Since concrete has a resistivity of about 30 Ωm at 20 °C,a rod embedded within a concrete encasement gives a very low electrode resistance compared to most rods buried in the ground directly.
Since buildings are usually constructed using steel-reinforced concrete, it is possible to use the reinforcement rod as the conductor of the electrode by ensuring that an electrical connection can be established with the main rebar of each foundation.
The size of the rebar as well as the bonding between the bars of different concrete members must be done so as to ensure that ground fault currents can be handled without excessive heating.
Such heating may cause weakening and eventual failure of the concrete member itself. Alternatively, copper rods embedded within concrete can also be used.
The use of ‘Ufer’ grounds (named after the person who was instrumental in the development of this type of grounding practice) has significantly increased in recent years. Ufer grounds utilize the concrete foundation of a structure plus building steel as a grounding electrode.
Even if the anchor bolts are not directly connected to the reinforcing bars (rebar), their close proximity and the conductive nature of concrete will provide an electrical path.
There are a couple of issues to be considered while planning for grounding using the foundations as electrodes. A high fault current (lightning surge or heavy ground fault) can cause moisture in the concrete to evaporate suddenly to steam.
This steam, whose volume is about 1800 times of its original volume when existing as liquid, produces forces that may crack or otherwise damage the concrete. The other factor has to do with ground leakage currents. The presence of even a small amount of DC current will cause corrosion of the rebar. Because corroded steel swells to about twice its original volume, it can cause extremely large forces within the concrete.
Although AC leakage will not cause corrosion, the earth will rectify a small percentage of the AC to DC. In situations where the anchor bolts are not bonded to the rebar, concrete can disintegrate in the current path.
Damage to concrete can be minimized either by limiting the duration of fault current flow (by suitable sensitive and fast acting protective devices) or by providing a metallic path from the rebar through the concrete to an external electrode.
That external electrode must be sized and connected to protect the concrete’s integrity. Proper design of Ufer grounds provides for connections between all steel members in the foundation and one or more metallic paths to an external ground rod or main ground grid.
Excellent joining products are available in the market, which are especially designed for joining rebars throughout the construction. By proper joining of the rebars, exceptionally good performance can be achieved.
An extremely low resistance path to earth for lightning and earth fault currents is ensured as the mass of the building keeps the foundation in good contact with the soil.

7. Grounding the Substation Fence

 The second most common substation hazard is lack of grounding
The second most common substation hazard is lack of grounding (photo from IAEI Magazine)

Metallic fences of substations should be considered just as other substation structures.
The reason for this is that the overhead HV lines entering or leaving a substation may snap and fall on the fence. Unless the fence is integrated with the rest of the substation grounding system, a dangerous situation may develop. Persons or livestock in contact with the fence may receive dangerous electric shocks.
Utilities vary in their fence-grounding specifications, with most specifying that each gate post and corner post, plus every second or third line post, be grounded. All gates should be bonded to the gate posts using flexible jumpers. All gate posts should be interconnected. In the gate swing area, an equipotential wire mesh safety mat can further reduce hazards from step and touch potentials when opening or closing the gate.
It is recommended that the fence ground should be tied into the main ground grid, as it will reduce both grid resistance and grid voltage rise. Internal and perimeter gradients must be kept within safe limits because the fence is also atfull potential rise.
This can be accomplished by extending the mesh with a buried perimeter conductor that is about 1 m outside the fence and bonding the fence and the conductor together at close intervals (so that a person or grazing animal touching the fence will stand on the equipotential surface so created).

8. Special Attention to Operating Points

To protect the operator in case of a fault, it should be ensured that he is not subjected to high touch or step potentials when a fault happens in the equipment he is operating.
This calls for use of a safety mesh close to these operating points on which the operator will stand and operate the equipment.
There are four types of safety mats.
1. A steel grate or plate on supporting insulators. This works only if the operator can be kept completely isolated on the grate. Therefore, insulators must be kept clean.
Any vegetation in the vicinity should be cut or eliminated completely (this approach is similar to the insulating rubber mats placed in front of most indoor electrical equipment). Safety is ensured by increasing the resistance of current path, so that the current flowing through the operator’s body into the ground does not exceed safe values.
2. A steel grate on the surface, permanently attached to the grounded structure. This arrangement has the operator standing directly on the grate.
3. Bare conductor buried (in a coil or zig-zag pattern) under the handle area and bonded to the grounded structure.
4. Prefabricated equipotential wire mesh safety mat buried under the handle area and bonded to the grounded structure. This is likely to be the least expensive choice.
In all but the first arrangement, both the switch operating handle and the personnel safety grate (or mat) should be exothermically weldedto structural steel, thus ensuring nearly zero voltage drop.

9. Surge Arrestors Must be Grounded Properly!

When there is a surge in the electrical system (by indirect lightning strikes or due to switching) surge arrestors placed near all critical equipment divert surge energy to ground and protect the equipment from being subjected to the surges.
Usually, surges involve a very fast rise time during which the current changes from zero to extremely high values of several kiloamperes. It is therefore necessary that the conducting path from the grounding terminal of the surge arrestor to the earth must have minimum impedance.
Even a small amount of self-inductance offered by a grounding conductor will mean very high impedance because of the steep wavefront of the surge and very high voltages from appearing in the grounding system (albeit briefly). To dissipate the surge current with minimum voltage drop, each surge arrestor ground lead should have a short direct path to earth and should be free of sharp bends (bends act like a coil and increase the inductance).
Often surge arrestors are mounted directly on the tank of transformers, close to the HV terminal bushings. In these cases, the transformer tanks and related structures act as the grounding path.
It must be ensured that multiple and secure paths to ground are available (this includes making effective connections).
Whenever there is any question about the adequacy of these paths, it is recommended to use a separate copper conductor between the arrestor and the ground terminal (or main grounding grid). Since steel structures (due to their multiple members) have lower impedance than a single copper conductor, the grounding conductors should preferably be interconnected to the structure near the arrestor.

10. Grounding of Cable Trays

Overhead cable trays and ladder racks grounded
Overhead cable trays and ladder racks are jumpered and grounded with AWG #2 bare copper. These conductors, along with the cable bus that collects ground leads from individual cabinets, are connected to the nearest wall-mounted collector bar.

The NEC vide Art. 318 specifies the requirements for cable trays and their use in reducing the induced voltages during a ground fault. All metallic tray sections must be bonded together with proper conducting interconnections. The mechanical splice plates by themselves may not provide an adequate and a reliable ground path for fault currents.
Therefore, the bonding jumpers (either the welded type used on steel trays or the lug type) must be placed across each spliced tray joint.
If a metallic tray comes with a continuous grounding conductor, the conductor can be bonded inside or outside the tray.
When cable tray covers are used, they should be bonded to the tray with a flexible conductor. The trays should also be bonded to the building steel (usually at every other column).

11. Temporary Grounding of Normally Energized Parts

Temporary grounding of normally energized parts
Temporary grounding of normally energized parts with ground rod and earth wire clamp

When personnel work on high-voltage electric structures or equipment, any conductive bodies should be grounded as a measure of safety.
This is done so that in the event of the circuit becoming live due to inadvertent switching, the safety of personnel (in contact with the parts, which would become live) is ensured.
The usual grounding method is to attach a flexible insulated copper cable with a ground clamp or lug on each end. These flexible jumpers require periodic inspection and maintenance. For cable connections to clamps, welded terminations (either a welded plain stud or a threaded silicon bronze stud welded to the conductor end) will provide a secure, permanent connection.
The clamp or lug is solidly connected to ground, then the other clamp is attached to the cable being grounded.


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"The Elevator to Success is always out of order,
        but one can always use the stairs"
"One does not Lead by hitting people over the Head,
        that's assault not Leadership"  - Eisenhower
"If You Think Education is Expensive,
        count the cost of being ignorant" - Past Harvard President
"If you're gonna be thinking anyway,
        you might as well think big"    - Donald Trump
"Insanity, doing the same things 
        over and over again,
        then expecting a different result"   - Albert Einstein
"Small minds talk of people, 
        average minds talk of events,
               great minds talk of ideas"
“I shall pass this way but once; any good that I can do 
        or any kindness I can show to any human being;   
        let me do it now. Let me not defer nor neglect it,
        for I shall not pass this way again.”

              Etienne de Grellet  (1773-1855);
              Quaker missionary

If you wanna make the world a better place
take a look at yourself and make a change  
                  - Michael Jackson

"The Best things in life are FREE,
        Family, Relatives, Friends, Health and most especially Time"


Our company operates in the principle of cooperation, collaboration, 
joint partnership/marketing and cross promotion.

We treat our people,clients,suppliers,affiliates
subcontractors, business owners, entrepreneurs(SMALL TIME or Bigtime),

common people,sales people especially PURCHASING OFFICERS as our business partners and friends.
We operate in the principle of Win-Win in every transactions we get involved in 

and our company would like to establish good long-term relationship with the client we serve...
We value and aim for REPEAT BUSINESS...and not just for a one-time transaction...


Delivery Schedule:  9am to 10pm Monday to Friday Only

OFFICE DAYS:  Monday to Friday Only
              9-12PM TO 1-5PM ONLY
              
              Saturday: Lord's day "EL SHADDAI" The God who is more than enough
              Sunday:   Family day

10% of what the company earns, we give to the Lord,
10% of what the company earns, we give to charity,
this is the company's way of giving back part of what it earns,
to the community and above.            



"It is unwise to pay too much, but it's worst to pay too little.
    When you pay too much, you lose a little money - that is all...
 When you pay too little, You sometimes lose everything,
    Because the thing you bought or the service you acquired
      was incapable of doing the thing it was bought or intended to do.
 The common law of business balance 
    prohibits paying a little and getting a lot - it can't be done.
       If you deal with the lowest bidder,
          It is well to add something for the risk you run,
             And if you do that, 
                You will have enough to pay for something better." 

                       - JOHN RUSKIN(1819 - 1900)

"Good things aren't cheap,
                 and cheap things aren't good"


HEALTH TIPS  HEALTH TIPS  HEALTH TIPS  HEALTH TIPS  HEALTH TIPS  HEALTH TIPS

ATTENTION:         FOR ALL INDIVIDUALS ESPECIALLY THOSE AGE 40 AND ABOVE.


MEDICAL EXPERIMENT - MIRACLES WITH WATER

Japanese Sickness Association has published the following experiment with WATER.

They Claim 100% success for curing old and new diseases as follows:

1. Headache, BP, Anaemia, Arthrosis, Paralysis, Palpitation, Epilepsy and Obesity

2. Cough, Bronchitis, Asthma, and Tuberculosis

3. Meningitis and any other diseases connected with URINE and LIVER.

4. Hyper-acidity, Gastritis, Dysentery, Constipation, Piles and Diabetes

5. Any other diseases connected with Eye, Nose and Throat.

6. Irregular menstrual periods of women



METHOD OF TREATMENT AND MAINTENANCE:

1. Wake-up early morning and drink Four(4) glasses (160ml each) in an empty stomach. 

    Thereafter, no solids or liquids should be taken up to 45 minutes.

2. Normal breakfast can be taken after the 45 minutes time elapsed.

3. Nothing either liquid or solid should be taken  for Two(2) hours after breakfast, the same as with Lunch and Dinner.

4. After Dinner nothing should be taken before bedtime or sleep.

Sick and old people will find it difficult to drink Four(4) glasses of water at an  instant in the beginning, but, can increase

gradually to the recommended level in a short time period.

Experiment has proved that the following diseases have been cured on treatment of water for the period shown against them

a) Hypertension - 30 days                  d) Constipation  - 10 days

b) Gastric Problems - 30 days           e) Cancer - 6 months

c) Diabetes  - 30 days                         f) Tuberculosis  - 3 months

Those who suffering from Arthritis should try this experiment three(3) times a day for one(1) week and thereafter reduce to 

once in the morning. For first few days you may experience to pass urine more than the norma, but no side effects.



THIS WILL CLEANSED YOUR BODY OF IMPURITIES AND WILL

PREVENT MANY TYPES OF DISEASES...



EXERCISE RELIGIOUSLY...

AS THE SAYING GOES "HEALTH IS WEALTH"



REMEMBER:

70% of our body is made up of water...
only 30% of our body is solid...


HEALTH  IS WEALTH...
WHAT'S THE USE OF HAVING A BILLION 
                                             BUT LYING IN A BED - SICK
                                                                    OR SUFFERING FROM AN ILLNESS.....

I WOULD RATHER HAVE A CLEAN BILL OF HEALTH FOR A BILLION.

WHEN YOU REACH THE AGE OF 35 EXERCISE IS A MUST...
WATCH YOUR DIET...

EXERCISE DAILY AND RELIGIOUSLY
TAKE YOUR MULTIVITAMINS TO SUPPLEMENT YOUR FOOD INTAKE....

THE BEST THINGS IN LIFE ARE FREE.....
           FAMILY....RELATIVES....FRIENDS....HEALTH and most importantly TIME....

YOU ARE MORE BLESSED THAN OTHERS...

WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR EYES SO YOU CAN CLEARLY SEE
        OTHERS HAVE ONLY ONE...OTHERS ARE TOTALLY BLIND...
WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR EARS SO YOU CAN CLEARLY HEAR
       OTHERS HAVE ONLY ONE...OTHERS ARE TOTALLY DEAF...
WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR HANDS SO YOU CAN HOLD THINGS WELL
       OTHERS HAVE ONLY ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE...
WHEN YOU HAVE BOTH YOUR FEET SO YOU CAN WALK EASILY
       OTHERS HAVE ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE..
WHEN YOU STILL HAVE YOUR PARENTS...
       OTHERS HAVE ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE...
WHEN YOU HAVE CHILDREN...
      OTHERS HAVE ONE...OTHERS HAVE NONE...
WHEN YOU HAVE A FAMILY...
      SOME HAVE NONE...OTHERS TOTALLY ORPHANED
WHEN YOU ARE LIVING IN THE PHILIPPINES...A DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY..
      THE WEATHER NOT THAT EXTREMELY HOT NOR COLD..
       WERE PLANTS AND TREES GROW EASILY
       SURROUNDED BY SEAS FULL OF FISHES AND NATURAL RESOURCES
WHEN YOU ARE OLD AND STILL LIVING WITH YOUR CHILDREN
       IN SOME COUNTRIES OLD PARENTS AND PEOPLE 
            ARE LEFT IN THE "HOME OF THE AGED NURSING FOUNDATION"
WHEN YOU STILL HAVE YOUR JOB...WORKING IN AN AIR-CONDITIONED  
        ROOM..JUST CONSIDER THE CONSTRUCTION WORKERS DOING THEIR
        HARD LABOR JOBS UNDER THE HEAT OF THE SUN...IGNORING THE
        DANGEROUS ELEMENTS CONFRONTING THEM....

COUNT YOUR BLESSINGS...COUNT THEM ONE BY ONE...

DON'T THINK OF SAYING ANY UNKIND WORD...
      THINK OF PEOPLE WHO CAN'T SPEAK,
DON'T COMPLAIN ABOUT THE FOOD YOU EAT,
      SOME HAVE NOTHING.
DON'T COMPLAIN ABOUT LIFE,
      PAINT A SMILE ON YOUR FACE
AND THANK GOD YOU'RE ALIVE AND STILL AROUND

LIFE IS A GIFT......
LIVE IT WELL......

SAFETY 1ST
               REPEAT BUSINESS 2ND

PRAY ALWAYS IT WORKS!!!            

ATTENTION:  FOREIGN ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS AND ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTORS

OUR COMPANY WELCOMES ELECTRICAL FOREIGN SUPPLIER/MANUFACTURER/S
WHO WOULD LIKE TO OFFER THEIR PRODUCT LINE
HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES BUT ON A CONSIGNMENT BASIS ONLY,

MEANING PAYMENT WILL BE FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD...EXAMPLE SIX(6) MONTHS TO ONE(1) YEAR,
ALL THOSE THAT WILL NOT BE SOLD OR SLOW MOVING ITEMS WILL BE REPLACED

AND WE WILL JUST PAY FOR THOSE SOLD ITEMS
BY FAST MOVING ITEMS.......

YOUR COMPANY WILL BE SHOULDERING THE FORWARDING/FREIGHT COST
OR SHIPMENT COST...

WE WILL BE IN CHARGE OF STOCKAGE,MARKETING,SALES AND AFTER SALES CONCERNS..
CONTACT,EMAIL OR CALL US IF YOUR COMPANY IS INTERESTED WITH OUR OFFER...

BY THE WAY PAYMENT WILL BE BANK TO BANK...
YOUR BANK WILL BE COORDINATING WITH OUR LOCAL BANK HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES....

CALL/EMAIL US IF YOUR COMPANY IS INTERESTED ON OUR OFFER....

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